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1 bergius işlemi
bergius process -
2 Bergius, Friedrich Carl Rudolf
[br]b. 11 October 1884 Goldschmieden, near Breslau, Germanyd. 31 March Buenos Aires, Argentina[br][br]After studying chemistry in Breslau and Leipzig and assisting inter alia at the institute of Fritz Haber in Karlsruhe on the catalysis of ammonia under high pressure, in 1909 he went to Hannover to pursue his idea of turning coal into liquid hydrocarbon under high hydrogen pressure (200 atm) and high temperatures (470° C). As experiments with high pressure in chemical processes were still in their initial stages and the Technical University could not support him sufficiently, he set up a private laboratory to develop the methods and to construct the equipment himself. Four years later, in 1913, his process for producing liquid or organic compounds from coal was patented.The economic aspects of this process were apparent as the demand for fuels and lubricants increased more rapidly than the production of oil, and Bergius's process became even more important after the outbreak of the First World War. The Th. Goldschmidt company of Essen contracted him and tried large-scale production near Mannheim in 1914, but production failed because of the lack of capital and experience to operate with high pressure on an industrial level. Both capital and experience were provided jointly by the BASF company, which produced ammonia at Merseburg, and IG Farben, which took over the Bergius process in 1925, the same year that the synthesis of hydrocarbon had been developed by Fischer-Tropsch. Two years later, at the Leuna works, almost 100,000 tonnes of oil were produced from coal; during the following years, several more hydrogenation plants were to follow, especially in the eastern parts of Germany as well as in the Ruhr area, while the government guaranteed the costs. The Bergius process was extremely important for the supply of fuels to Germany during the Second World War, with the monthly production rate in 1943–4 being more than 700,000 tonnes. However, the plants were mostly destroyed at. the end of the war and were later dismantled.As a consequence of this success Bergius, who had gained an international reputation, went abroad to work as a consultant to several foreign governments. Experiments aiming to reduce the costs of production are still continued in some countries. By 1925, after he had solved all the principles of his process, he had turned to the production of dextrose by hydrolyzing wood with highly concentrated hydrochloric acid.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsNobel Prize 1931. Honorary doctorates, Heidelberg, Harvard and Hannover.Bibliography1907, "Über absolute Schwefelsäure als Lösungsmittel", unpublished thesis, Weida. 1913, Die Anwendung hoher Drucke bei chemischen Vorgängen und eine Nachbildungdes Entstehungsprozesses der Steinkohle, Halle. 1913, DRP no. 301, 231 (coal-liquefaction process).1925, "Verflüssigung der Kohle", Zeitschrift des Vereins Deutscher Ingenieure, 69:1313–20, 1359–62.1933, "Chemische Reaktionen unter hohem Druck", Les Prix Nobel en 1931, Stockholm, pp. 1–37.Further ReadingDeutsches Bergbau-Museum, 1985, Friedrich Bergius und die Kohleverflüssigung. Stationen einer Entwicklung, Bochum (gives a comprehensive and illustrated description of the man and the technology).H.Beck, 1982, Friedrich Bergius, ein Erfinderschicksal, Munich: Deutsches Museum (a detailed biographical description).W.Birkendfeld, 1964, Der synthetische Treibstoff 1933–1945. Ein Beitragzur nationalsozialistischen Wirtschafts-und Rüstungspolitik, Göttingen, Berlin and Frankfurt (describes the economic value of synthetic fuels for the Third Reich).WKBiographical history of technology > Bergius, Friedrich Carl Rudolf
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3 Bergius-Hydrierverfahren
n <chem.verf> ■ Bergius hydrogenation process; Bergius processGerman-english technical dictionary > Bergius-Hydrierverfahren
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4 processo Bergius
[TECN PROD, CHIM] -
5 metoda Bergiusa uwodorniania węgla
• Bergius processSłownik polsko-angielski dla inżynierów > metoda Bergiusa uwodorniania węgla
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6 способ Бергиуса
Русско-английский словарь по пищевой промышленности > способ Бергиуса
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7 способ Бергиуса
Food industry: Bergius process -
8 Bosch, Carl
SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology[br]b. 27 August 1874 Cologne, Germanyd. 26 April 1940 Heidelberg, Germany[br]German industrial chemist who developed the industrial synthesis of ammonia.[br]Bosch spent a year as a metalworker before studying chemistry at Leipzig University, obtaining his doctorate in 1898. The following year, he entered Badische Soda-, Anilin Fabrik (BASF), the leading German manufacturer of dyestuflfs. Between 1902 and 1907 he spent much time investigating processes for nitrogen fixation. In 1908 Fritz Haber told BASF of his laboratory-scale synthesis of ammonia from its constituent elements, and in the following year Bosch was assigned to developing it to the industrial scale. Leading a large team of chemists and engineers, Bosch designed the massive pressure converter and other features of the process and was the first to use the water gas shift reaction to produce the large quantities of hydrogen that were required. By 1913 Bosch had completed the largest chemical engineering plant at BASF's works at Oppau, and soon it was producing 36,000 tons of ammonium sulphate a year. Bosch enlarged the Oppau plant and went on to construct a larger plant at Leuna.In 1914 Bosch was appointed a Director of BASF. At the end of the First World War he became Technical Adviser to the German delegation at the peace conference. During the 1920s BASF returned to its position of pre-eminence in high-pressure technology, thanks largely to Bosch's leadership. Although increasingly absorbed in administrative matters, Bosch was able to support the synthesis of methane and the hydrogenation of coal tar and lignite to make petrol. In 1925 BASF merged with other companies to form the giant IG Farbenindustrie AG, of which Bosch became Chairman of the Managing Board. His achievements received international recognition in 1931 when he was awarded, with F. Bergius, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for high-pressure synthesis.[br]Bibliography1932, Über die Entwicklung der chemischen Hochdruckindustrie bei der Aufbau der neuen Ammoniakindustrie.Further ReadingK.Holdermann, 1953, Carl Bosch, Leben und Werk.See also biographical memoir in Chemische Berichte 190 (1957), pp. xix–xxxix.LRD
См. также в других словарях:
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bergius process — ˈbergēəs noun Usage: usually capitalized B Etymology: after Friedrich Bergius died 1949 German chemist : a process of hydrogenating usually powdered coal mixed with oil and a catalyst under heat and high pressure in order to obtain chiefly liquid … Useful english dictionary
Bergius process — Chem. a method of hydrogenation formerly used with coal to produce an oil similar to petroleum. [after Friedrich BERGIUS] * * * … Universalium
Bergius , Friedrich Karl Rudolph — (1884–1949) German industrial chemist The son of a chemicals industrialist, Bergius, who was born in Goldschmieden, Poland, gained his doctorate at Leipzig (1907) and worked with Hermann Nernst at Berlin and Fritz Haber at Karlsruhe, where he… … Scientists
Friedrich Bergius — Infobox Scientist name = Friedrich Karl Rudolf Bergius image size = 140px birth date = birth date|1884|10|11|df=y birth place = Breslau (Wrocław), Germany nationality = Germany death date = death date and age|1949|3|30|1884|10|11 death place =… … Wikipedia
Karrick process — The Karrick process is a low temperature carbonization (LTC) of coal, shale, lignite or any carbonaceous materials. These are heated at convert|680|°F|°C|abbr=on to 1380 °F (360 °C to 749 °C) in the absence of air to distill out oil and gas. The… … Wikipedia
Fischer-Tropsch process — The Fischer Tropsch process (or Fischer Tropsch Synthesis) is a catalyzed chemical reaction in which synthesis gas (syngas), a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, is converted into liquid hydrocarbons of various forms. The most common… … Wikipedia
Fischer–Tropsch process — The Fischer–Tropsch process (or Fischer–Tropsch synthesis) is a set of chemical reactions that convert a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen into liquid hydrocarbons. The process, a key component of gas to liquids technology, produces a… … Wikipedia
Coldry Process — is a coal upgrading technology developed in Victoria, Australia by Environmental Clean Technologies Limited[1] to specifically beneficiate low rank brown coal (lignite) and sub bituminous coal by removing natural high moisture content and certain … Wikipedia
Haber-Bosch process — or Haber ammonia process or synthetic ammonia process First economically feasible method of directly synthesizing ammonia from hydrogen gas and atmospheric nitrogen. It was developed с 1909 by Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch (1874–1940), prompted by… … Universalium
Coal liquefaction — is the process of producing synthetic liquid fuels from coal. Contents 1 Methods 1.1 Pyrolysis and carbonization processes 1.2 Hydrogenation processes 1.3 … Wikipedia
